What Is Drilling Machine?- Definition, Parts & Types

If you’ve ever needed to make a neat, round hole in something—metal, wood, plastic, you name it—you’ve probably relied on a drilling machine. These machines come in all shapes and sizes, from the familiar handheld drill most of us have in the garage, to complex multi-head turret models you’d find in a busy workshop. Each style has its own strengths and quirks, and certain types are better suited for particular jobs than others.

In the following sections, I’ll walk you through the main parts that make up a drilling machine, introduce some of the most common types you’ll run across, and explain what makes each one useful (or not) depending on the project you’ve got in mind.

What is a Drilling Machine?

A drill is one of those tools that shows up in just about every workshop, from professionals to DIY enthusiasts. Its main job? Creating round holes or driving fasteners into different materials. Most drills today are battery-powered and cordless, making them far more convenient than the old hand-operated versions, which have mostly fallen out of favor.

When we move from handheld drills to larger equipment, we come across the drilling machine, often referred to as a drill press. This machine is designed to cut precise, round holes in materials like metal, plastic, wood, and other solids. It works by rotating a drill bit and gradually feeding it into the workpiece, allowing for controlled and accurate drilling.

The drill bit itself is held in place by a chuck and is guided into the material at speeds that can be adjusted as needed. For best results—and to protect both the tool and the workpiece—it’s important to set the speed and feed correctly and to use coolant when necessary. While the primary function of a drilling machine is, of course, drilling, its usefulness doesn’t stop there. It can be adapted for a range of other machining processes.

In fact, a drilling machine is versatile enough to handle operations like plain drilling, step drilling, core drilling, boring, counterboring, reaming, countersinking, spot facing, tapping, and even trepanning. This versatility makes it a staple in workshops and industrial settings.

You’ll find drills being put to work in a variety of fields, including woodworking, metalworking, construction, machine tool manufacturing, and countless utility projects. There are also specially designed drills made for tiny, intricate tasks—showing just how adaptable and essential this tool has become.

Parts of Drilling Machine

A drilling machine is usually composed of several or all of the following parts.

• Base: Think of the base as the sturdy foundation of the drilling machine—it’s typically bolted down to the ground. Its main job is to support the entire weight of the machine and keep everything stable during operation.
• Column: Positioned on one side of the base, the column acts almost like the backbone of the whole setup. It’s built to handle the combined load of the arm and the drill head. You’ll usually find a sliding table mounted here, which makes it easier to adjust the workpiece as needed.
• Arm: Right at the top of the column, you’ll see the arm. This part is responsible for holding both the drill head and the housing for the driving mechanism, giving the machine its reach and flexibility.
• Drill Head: The drill head sits on one end of the arm and is where you’ll find both the feed and the driving mechanisms. One handy feature is that it can move up and down, making it simple to position for different drilling tasks.
• Worktable: Mounted onto the column, the worktable isn’t just fixed in place—it’s designed to move vertically and horizontally. This mobility helps in positioning the workpiece exactly where it’s needed.
• Feed Mechanism: When it comes to feeding the drill, you have options. The feed mechanism allows for both manual operation (using a hand lever) and automatic feed, thanks to an electric motor.
• Spindle: The spindle is what holds the drill bit or cutting tool. It stays in a fixed position inside a sleeve but rotates at high speed to get the drilling done.
• Chuck: Attached right onto the spindle, the chuck’s role is to hold the drill jig securely in place during the operation.
• Electric Motor: Lastly, the electric motor is the power source for the machine. It drives all the moving parts, from the spindle’s rotation to the automatic feed.

Working of Drilling Machine

When electrical power is supplied to the motor, it causes the spindle to rotate, which in turn sets the attached stepped pulley into motion. At the opposite end, another stepped pulley is installed, oriented in an inverted position. This arrangement allows for the adjustment of rotational speed—either increasing or decreasing it as needed.

A V-belt is then fitted between these two stepped pulleys to transmit power efficiently. The choice of a V-belt, as opposed to a flat belt, is intentional; V-belts are preferred in this setup because they offer improved power transmission efficiency.

Now the drill bit also rotates which was placed in the chuck and which was in connection with the spindle. As the Pulleys rotate, the spindle also rotates which can rotate the drill bit.

Now, by the rotation of the hand-wheel, the spindle moves up and down in the vertical direction in order to give the necessary amount of feed to the work, and this drill bit is used to make the holes on the component placed in the machine vice.

Types of Drilling Machines

There are many different types of drilling machines:

• Radial drilling machine
• Upright drilling machine
• Automatic drilling machine
• Multiple Spindle drilling machine
• Deep hole drilling machine
• Sensitive drilling machine
• Portable drilling machine
• Gang drilling machine

Here are some different types of drilling machines with their construction, characteristics, and uses.

• Portable Drilling Machine (Hand Drilling Machine): This is a compact, lightweight device fitted with a universal motor, making it quite handy for drilling holes in rocks or other hard surfaces wherever needed. Typically, the workpiece is secured in a vice to ensure stability during the operation.
• Sensitive Drilling Machine (Bench Drilling Machine): Designed primarily for creating small holes at higher speeds, the sensitive drilling machine features a base, a worktable, a spindle, a drill head, a driving mechanism, and a supporting column. Here, the user feeds the drill into the material manually, allowing for careful control over the process.
• Radial Drilling Machine: If you’re dealing with larger or heavier workpieces, the radial drilling machine is the go-to choice. Its adjustable table can accommodate workpieces of varying heights, and rather than shifting the part around, you move the spindle right over your target area. This flexibility makes it possible to drill intersecting or angled holes in a single setup, saving both time and effort.
• Upright Drilling Machine: For medium to large holes, the upright drilling machine is up to the task. It’s more robust and powerful than the sensitive type, so it can handle tougher drilling jobs with ease.
• Gang Drilling Machine: Think of the gang drilling machine as a multitasker. It can handle drilling, reaming, counterboring, and tapping simply by moving the workpiece along a line of spindles. This setup is especially useful when you need to perform several operations on the same piece without having to reset everything each time.
• Deep Hole Drilling Machine: When you need to drill deep, precise holes like those required in connecting rods or spindles this specialized machine comes into play. It operates with high cutting speeds and lower feed rates, making it ideal for intricate, deep drilling applications.
• Multiple Spindle Drilling Machine: As the name suggests, this machine features several spindles that work simultaneously. It’s perfect for drilling a number of holes in a single part or for repeating the same drilling pattern on multiple identical workpieces, greatly speeding up production.
• CNC Drilling Machine: CNC, or computer numerical control drilling machines, take automation to the next level. With the ability to change tools automatically and programs that set speeds, feeds, and positioning, these machines offer both efficiency and precision in operations.
• Micro Drill Press: For projects that demand high accuracy think tiny parts or extremely small holes the micro drill press is the tool of choice. It’s known for its precision and high spindle speed, making it indispensable in delicate work.
• Turret Type Drilling Machine: Here, you get a turret equipped with multiple drill heads, allowing you to quickly switch between tools by simply indexing the turret. This design helps keep the workflow smooth and efficient, especially when several drilling operations are needed on the same part.

How to Choose a Basic Drill Bit?

On a wooden table, you’ll often find a collection of twist drill bits alongside a drill—tools that many DIY enthusiasts and professionals reach for regularly.

When learning to use a drill, the first thing you’ll want to understand is the importance of choosing the right drill bit. The specific bit you select largely depends on the material you’re working with and the type of task you plan to complete. Having a full set of drill bits handy in your toolbox is a practical way to be ready for any project that comes your way.

If your goal is to make a hole, you’ll generally reach for a twist drill bit the classic, pointed variety most people picture when they think of drilling. These are incredibly versatile and can be used on a range of surfaces, whether that’s wood, metal, ceramic, or something else.

It’s a good rule of thumb to pick a bit that’s slightly smaller in diameter than the screw you intend to use. This approach helps ensure the screw will anchor securely, gripping the material rather than slipping.

When the job involves driving a screw instead of drilling a hole, you’ll need a screwdriver bit. These bits are designed to fit directly into the head of the screw whether it’s a Phillips or flat head. While an exact fit isn’t strictly necessary, you’ll get the best results if the bit comfortably fits into the screw’s slots, giving you the control and leverage needed to set the screw in place.

How to Change a Drill Bit?

Once you’ve selected the appropriate drill bit for your task, the next step is to insert it into your drill. This process is straightforward and forms a fundamental part of operating a drill safely and efficiently.

Caution: If the drill was recently in use, the bit may be quite hot due to friction. Allow it to cool before handling, or wear work gloves for protection.

To change or insert a drill bit, follow these steps:

• Disconnect the Drill: Always start by ensuring the drill is unplugged or, if it’s cordless, that the battery is removed. This simple step keeps you safe while you’re handling the tool.
• Open the Chuck: Most drills allow you to loosen the chuck by hand—this is the round part that grips the bit. Turn it until it opens. If your drill uses a chuck key, use it now to release the bit.
• Remove the Old Bit: Carefully pull the old bit out. If it feels stuck, open the chuck a little wider until you can remove it easily.
• Set the Old Bit Aside: Place the old bit in its case or somewhere safe. This helps prevent accidents, like stepping on it.
• Insert the New Bit: Slide the new bit into the chuck as far as it will go. Check that it’s centered and not angled off to one side.
• Tighten the Chuck: Turn the chuck to secure the bit, or use the chuck key if your drill requires one. Make sure it’s tightened firmly so the bit won’t slip during use.
• Check the Fit: Before using the drill, confirm that the bit is snug and evenly inserted. A properly installed bit shouldn’t wobble or move around.

With these steps, you’re ready to get back to work. Taking a few moments to swap out bits correctly not only keeps your project running smoothly but also helps you avoid unnecessary injuries or equipment damage.

How to Use a Drill?

To maximize efficiency when preparing to drill, begin by determining the precise locations for your screws. Complete all necessary measurements in advance, ensuring that any reference lines are both straight and level. Once satisfied with the alignment, use a pencil to clearly mark each drilling point either with a small ‘X’ or a single dot.

Safety Precautions

It is essential to prioritize safety whenever working with power tools. Always wear appropriate eye protection, such as safety glasses or goggles. Additionally, make sure to secure any loose clothing and tie back long hair, as these can become entangled in the drill bit—a situation best avoided.

Steps for Drilling a Hole

1. Prepare the Drill: Start by powering on your drill—this means plugging it in or inserting a charged battery, depending on the model.
2. Adjust the Torque: Set the torque based on the material you are working with. For instance, wood generally requires higher torque compared to drywall. As a rule of thumb, denser materials call for more torque.
3. Locate Your Marks: Find the pencil marks you made earlier; these indicate exactly where you will drill.
4. Position Yourself: Make sure you are at the right height and angle to drill. If a ladder is needed, double-check that it is opened fully and stable before climbing.
5. Align the Drill: Hold the drill so it remains vertical, ensuring the resulting hole will be straight.
6. Begin Drilling: Squeeze the trigger gently to start at a slow speed. Once the bit has begun to bite into the material, you can increase the speed as needed.
7. Finish and Remove the Bit: When you have drilled to the desired depth, switch the drill to reverse. Carefully pull the trigger to back the drill bit out. Avoid forcing or twisting the drill, as this can cause the hole to become uneven or damage the material.

To use a drill for inserting a screw into a pilot hole, follow these steps:

• Begin by ensuring that your drill is powered on and ready for use. Double-check the battery or plug, depending on the type of drill you have.
• Set the torque to a low setting. Since you’re working with screws that already have pilot holes, excessive force isn’t necessary. A lower torque helps prevent stripping the screw or damaging the material.
• Place the screw into the appropriate slot on the drill bit. Make sure it’s snug, so the screw won’t wobble when you start drilling.
• Align the screw with the pilot hole. It’s important to get this right from the start to avoid any crooked results.
• Hold the drill vertically. Maintaining a straight angle helps ensure the screw goes in smoothly and doesn’t damage the workpiece.
• Gently pull the drill’s trigger while applying light pressure to the screw. This keeps the screw steady and allows it to bite into the pilot hole without slipping.
• Stay mindful of your angle as you drill. If you notice you’re tilting to one side, pause and readjust before continuing.
• As soon as the screw is fully inserted, release the trigger and stop drilling. There’s no need to force it further; overdriving can strip the screw or damage the material.

If you’re concerned about over-screwing, stop before the screw is completely inserted. Finish with a screwdriver.

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